Generation of Computer
There are five generation of computer.
Computer Historical Dates
In the History of Computer if you remember This table fully then you Don’t need to Remember any thing else.
Computer History in Nepal
Epic Table
I don’t think I need to Explain this. Let me tell you the Positive Exponential means. 1GB = 230 Bytes or 109 and negetive exponential means, 1 nanosecond= 2-30 or 10-9
Solved Questions
- 64 sector = 1 cluster and floppy contain 9 sector. 1 secor =512 Byte
- 8 inch Floppy was used on ICL 2950/10 on NCC
- Alan Shugart Invented Floppy on 1971 with IBM
- Bootloder resides on ROM/ EPROM
- C was developed on 1972
- Cache is placed between CPU and Main memory.
- Collecting personal information and effectively posing as another individual is known as identity Thief
- DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) introduced first Mini computer in 1975 with Kennanth H. Ollesen
- Digital Computer are based on counting
- Digital Computer are based on counting and Analog computer are based on Measurement
- Douglas Englart invented mouse
- Enterprise server is mainframe computer
- FORTRAN was first high level programming language by IBM
- IC was developed by Jack Killby and Robert Noyce
- In 1971 intel produced 4 bit 4004 with Gilbert Hayatt
- In 1972 intel produced 8 bit 8008 micro processor
- In 1973 Winchester disk was developed
- Inkject is non impact printing and quite in working.
- Internet was founded on 1970 by ARPANET
- Mainframe computer is also called Virtual Machine
- Mainframe computer word length is 32 to 64 bit
- Microprocessor is invented by Mercian Ted Huff
- Microsoft was founded on 1975 and DOS was produced on 1981
- Notebook, laptop, handheld computer are portable computer
- PARAM is super computer
- RAM is also called Read/ Write Memory
- RAM is primary memory or Main Memory
- RISC is used on super computer 64 bit.
- SABRE is the first airlines reservation system Developed by Microsoft Real time softwre
- Servers are computer that provide resources to other computer connected to a mainframe
- Simulation is the process of producing computer and system.
- Snowbol is programming langauge
- SRAM is created with flipflop and DRAM is created with Capacitor.
- SRAM is used as cache memory and DRAM is used for Main memory
- The Process by which disk is divided into track and sector so that data can be Stored nd found in ordinary basis is called Format.
- The successful retrieval of requested data from the cache is called cache hit and failure is called cache miss.
- Transistor is also called tronic switching device
- Transistor was developed by WilliamShocklay, john Burden.
- When creating a computer program the system analyst design the structure of program
- BASIC(60) is 3 Years younger than FORTARN and 10 Year older than C. C++ Is 9 Your Younger than C.. 1960 BASIC.
- Baud Rate is 58. I.e 5 bit
- Cache memory is implemented sing Static RAM.
- Capacity of compact disk is 640 MB
- Several program at one running method is overlapped Process.
- Shift Instruction have only one operand
- 1 byte-→Character(8 bit), 2 byte-→ Word(16 bit), 2 Word-→ Double word.(32 bit)
- 1000 write cycle is allowed on EEPROM
- 12 X 10 X 32 in CD is write X rewrite X Read.
- 1994 Zip Disk capacity are 100, 250 and 750 MB.
- 24 pin dot matrix printer provide the best quality of printing
- 3 pixel is creates 1 color.
- 4-32 PPM is the speed of laser printer.
- A disk Storage medium in the form of an assembly containing a single rigid magnetic disk permanent is disk Cartage.
- A memory that is capable of determining weather a data is contain of its address is CAM.
- A network topology in which the outer nodes connected to a single control node is passive Star.
- A program that runs on background sending information about your browsing habit to the company that installed on your computer is Grayware.
- A register which contain the data to be written into or read out the addressed location I known as memory Data Register.
- A register which keeps track of the execution of a program and which contain the memory address is Program Counter.
- A set of information that defines the status of resources allocated to a process is process description.
- A word in computer terminology is 16 bit
- Access time is measured in Millisecond
- Actual data processing operation are performed in the ALU section but not in the Primary storage section of a processing unit.
- Actual system is generated during coding
- ADC is analogous to Digital Converter.
- Andrew Bobek invented Bubble Memory in 1970 and 1 bubble could store 1 bit.
- Any Method for controlling access to or ue of memory is known as memory protection.
- ASCII is interchange code of information between terminal.
- ASCII is least efficient when encoding numeric value.
- Aspect ratio of Crt is 0.8
- Cartage tape 8mm can hold 2 to 24 GB.
- CD can hold 750 MB.
- CGA and EGA are Adapter and others are Array.
- Chip was used inside computer at 1975.
- Circuit on computer chip are measured on Micron.
- Clockspeed is measured on MHZ. Clock Speed of Pentium Processor is 500 MHz
- Cloud computing is a paradigm of distribution compared to provide the customer on demand utility based computer series
- Computer operated the device which input and output device from the computer
- Control key is used to perform combining speedup task.
- Control unit are two types:- Microprogrammed CU and Hardwired CU.
- CPU speed of personal computer is 100 KIPS
- Data recording of Magnetic tape is 8 bit EBCDIC.
- Data Register store the operand and any other data
- Directly accessible appointment calendar is a feature of memory resident package.
- DVD can carry 4.7 MB.
- EEPROM is the most advanced form of ROM
- Encrypted is so that not easy to alter.
- ENIAC is world first Computer
- Entire of ALU Executes the instruction
- Error are detected and removed from the testing phase
- Expanded memory I not directly addre by CPU and require special otware called EMS(Expended Memory Specification)
- Father of disk drive is Reynold Johnson.
- First computer made with IC was IBM System/360.
- First Computer mouse was build by William Engard.
- First Electronic Computer ABC was developed on 1937.
- First Electronic General purpose digital computer was invented by Muchlay and Eckert called EDSAC could store upto 20 digit.
- Floppy was developed in 1970
- HDD access time is 10-20 millisecond.
- IBM 1650 is popular 1st Generation Computer.
- Instruction Register contain Recently Fetched current instruction
- Instruction register is loaded with the content of location pointed by PC.
- Instruction Register is loaded with the content of memory location Pointed by PC.
- Intelligent terminal is input device as user programming.
- J.H. Vantasell is the father of Super computer.
- Line printer (Mainframe computer) is example of Band Printer
- LZW compression of message is XYZ XYZ XYZ is 1234545.
- MAC Addreddw I 48 Bit
- Magnetic Oxide coating memory is magnetic drum.
- Magnetic storage chip is used to provide non voltaic direct access of data and no moving part is called Magnetic Tape.
- Magnetic Tape speed is measured by Inch/second.
- Main Memory access time is 50-70 nano second.
- Maximum number of address loaded by 12 bit is 4 KB.
- Memory Address Register contain the address of next location in the memory to be accessed
- Memory Buffer Register temporarily store data from memory of data to be sent to memory
- Memory capicity of old minicomputer is 256 KB.
- Message sent from one computer to another is connected as packet
- MSI is Medium Scale Integrated Circuit.
- Number of record contained within a block of data on magnetic tape is defined as blocking factor
- OCR-A is called as bar code.
- On PC 640 KB is required for application software.
- PDP-I 1958 is first mini Computer.
- Pitch means Gap between two Pixel and Color depth is Bits per Inch and resolution is Individual points
- Plastic Maylar Coated Device is Magnetic tape is truly backup.
- Plotter are 4 types. Flatbed, Inkjet, Drum, Electrostatic Plotters.(FIDE)
- program Counter contain the address of next instruction to be processed.
- Program Counter is used to keep track of address of memory location where the next instruction is located.
- Program Counter is used to track of address of memory location where the Next instruction is located.
- Pulse Code modulation is the process of Converting Analog signal into Digital Signal
- Quantum computer is the smallest and fastest computer imitating brain working.
- RISC have 64 bit
- RISC means Power PC.
- Rotate instruction in microprocessor belongs to logical group.
- Shirt and Control are Modifier Keys..
- SIMM contain 32- 72 Pin and carry 8 bit to 32 bit data where as DIMM contain 108 Pins and carry 64 bit.
- Size of primary memory of PC range 256 KB to 640 KB.
- Software utilities specially for a sign types of basis is called shareware.
- Speed of dot matrix printer is 100-600 CPM.
- SSI is an circuit Board with 20 Transistor fabricated on silicon chip.
- System analysis involve creating formal model of the problem to be solved.
- System analysis is the first phase of SDLC
- System identification, System Analysis, Feasibility Study are related with Preliminary Investigation
- Teletype terminal is input and output both.
- The accuracy of floating point number re presentable into 16 bit word of computer is approximately 6 digit.
- The computer operation are synchronized by the CPU Clock.
- The Method of Implementing a memory management system is Bridge ware.
- The problem with using transistor in computer is they lead massive wring Snarls.
- The process of communicating with a file from a terminal is interrogation
- The Term used to design interconnected computer configuration I called multi-programming
- The unit of hardware, which an operator use to monitor computer processing in the console.
- There are 2 types of language viz. Low level language(Machine & Assembly) and High level language.(Procedural, Object oriented and Natural.)
- There are 4 types of plotter
- There are Three types of Graphics Card
- THROUGHPUT is data transfer rate
- To locate a data item for storage is fetch.
- Typical personal computer use 256 KB of RAM
- User programmable terminal that combine UDT hardware with build in microprocessor is intelligent terminal.
- Vacuum tubes are developed by John Ambose fleming.
- Vacuum Tubes was invented by Alang Turing
- VGA is 320X200 and XGA is 1024X768.
- When a key is pressed then the Key stroke is converted into ANSI
- Width of processor data path is measured in Bits. Which is 8 bit.
- Wire matrix and wang image printer is printing Data an output composed f a series of a data.
- Word length is measured in bits.
- word length of mainframe computer is 32-64 bit
- Word length of personal computer is 8 Bit
- XEROX PRAC leads the development of GUI
- XT- 83, AT-84, Enhanced Keyboard- 101 & WKL- 104 Keys.
- Zip Disk is 250-500 MB
- Zip Drive could carry 100 MB and jaz drive could carry 1 GB.
- Width of processor data path is measured in Bits. Which is 8 bit.
- Output Quality of printer is measured in DPI.
- Impact printer are DCDG(Daisy ball, Chain, Drum and Golfball printer)
- Encoder is input that make 0 & 1
- Decoder is output that make human understandable Language.
- Flag are partially visible register which hold conditional code and that contain 5 flipflops.
- Scratchpad is a memory space used for the temporarily storage of data.
- Parity is used for error detection there is one parity and 7 bits for the message.
- Error Detection Methods: Parity Method, checksum, CRC
- Error Correction Methods are Cyclic Codes, Hamming Codes, Linear Codes and Constructive Code.
- Mnemonic code is used in 2nd Generation.
- Assembly language are machine depended, long & error prone, difficult to understand and need assembler to translate
- High level language are three types (Procedural, Object oriented and Natural Language)
- First High level language is FORTRAN.
- Set of rule → Syntax, Grammar statement→ Semantic.
- C++ was developed by Bajarne Stroustrup.
- LISP (List processing) and PROLOG(Program logic)
- Instruction contain OP-Code and Operand.
- Compiler Design(Lexical Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Syntax Analysis, Intermediate Code generator, Code optimizer, Code Generator )
- TIF: Tagged Image Format, PNG: Portable Network Graphics, JPG: Joint Picture Expert Group, MPEG: Moving Picture Expert Group.
- Virus is self replicating Destructive Program.
- Creeper is first virus found on ARPANET in 1970’.
- BBN Technology (DEC PDP-10) Computer and used (TEXEX OS)
- Boot Sector Virus Infects MBR(Master Boot Record)
- Multi partile Virus is combination of program virus and boot sector virus.
- ASCII is 7bit i.e. 2^7 bit =256 bit.
- Unicode is 32 bit i.e. 2^32 bit = 65536 bits.
- AND Gate (Multiplies) and OR Gate (Adds)
- Loading and Executing Multiple Program is called Multitasking.
- Supporting The use of Multiple Process is called Multiprocessing.
- There are 63 Beads in Abacus.
- Nikalus Warth is the inventor of Pascal programming Language.
- Computer Circuit do complement for Negative number only. It contain only Adder.
- C is middle level language.
- Register used in CPU is Accumulator.
- Interrupt means need immediate Attention.
- In Windows 255 name and 3 extension is allowed.
- A file containing Permanent Data is called Master file.
- Two types of loops present in bubble memory.
- Tiny rings made of magnetic material holding 1 & 0 is called Magnetic Core.
- What has to be done is known as OP CODE.
- Memory Space used for temporary storage of data is scratchpad.
- Coating of HDD is ferromagnetic.
- L1 is internal Cache i.e. RAM Cache.
- Latch is an electronic Device which store single bit.
- Millisecond → Thousandth
- Operation of Computer on digital is counting.
- Latest display on portable laptop is Electrolumecent.
- Garnet Magnetic Memory is used in Bubble Memory.
- Function Part is known as OP code.
- Address Part is known as Operand.
- Data Processing includes, Data Collection, Data Filling, Data entry, Data Updating, Data processing and Final Report.
- The transmission signal coding method of T1 carrier is Bipolar.
- Source Program → The program which is ready to be translated into machine language.
- Number of Sector/ Track in HD floppy is 18.
- Clock Speed of Pentium processor is 500 MHZ.
- CPU performance is measured as MIPS, BIPS.
- Typical now a days clock speed is 1 GHZ.
- Address Bus and Address 2^32 bits of 64 GB and PC bus speed variety 100 MHZ to 400 MHZ.
- DRAM Speed 50 – 150 NS, SRAM 2-10 NS.
- IRG is inter Record GAP between every five records on Tap.
- Time Taken to move Read Write head→ Seek Time.
- Time taken to desire sector of track come under desire sector of track is → Latency time.
- Seek time+Latency time= Access time
- 512 Byte/Sector, 40 tracks/ 18 Sector
- 58 Symbol Exist on baud rate.
- Keyboard is not direct input device.
- Herman Hollerith developed in the first computer could store data and instruction.
- Deadlock happened due to Non-preemption, Circular wait, Mutual exclusion, Partial allocation.
- Fench register is used for memory protection.
- Protection & input output is supported by OS not accounting is a job of OS.
- First fit, Best fit & worst fit algorithm can be used for contiguous allocation of memory.
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